Dab tsi yog cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg tshaj plaws?
Txhua qhov kev lag luam tso siab rau ntau yam tshuaj los tsim cov khoom thiab kev pabcuam. Los ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb mus rau kev tsim khoom, tshuaj lom neeg ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv ntau yam kev lag luam. Txawm hais tias nws tuaj yeem nyuaj los txiav txim siab ib qho kev lag luam ntau tshaj plaws, ntau lub tebchaw tau siv dav hauv ntau qhov chaw.
Ua ntej dhia mus rau hauv cov tshuaj tshwj xeeb, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nkag siab txog cov txheej txheem siv los faib cov tshuaj muaj xws li ntau. Cov yam ntxwv xws li cov ntim ntau lawm, kev siv, thiab kev siv thoob ntiaj teb txiav txim siab txog cov tshuaj lom neeg hauv kev lag luam. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj ntau yam, kev ua tau zoo, thiab muaj ntau ntxiv ua rau nws siv dav.
Ib qho ntawm cov tshuaj siv ntau tshaj plaws hauv kev lag luam yog sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Nrog nws cov kev siv ntau yam, sulfuric acid yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv ntau yam kev lag luam. Nws yog feem ntau siv rau hauv kev tsim cov chiv, tshuaj ntxuav tes, dyes, pigments, thiab kws tshuaj. Sulfuric acid kuj tseem ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua hlau, roj av refining, thiab kev kho dej khib nyiab.
Lwm qhov kev lag luam muaj tshuaj lom neeg yog ammonia (NH3). Nws muaj ntau yam xwm txheej ua rau nws muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev tsim cov chiv, tub yees, thiab tu cov khoom. Hauv kev ua liaj ua teb, ammonia-based chiv yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev muab cov nroj tsuag nrog nitrogen, yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev loj hlob. Tsis tas li ntawd, ammonia yog siv rau hauv kev tsim cov yas, textiles, thiab explosives.
** Sib nrug los ntawm ammonia thiab sulfuric acid, cov tshuaj muaj tshuaj nrog tej zaum qhov cuam tshuam tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog chlorine (Cl2).**
Cov tshuaj chlorine tau siv dav hauv ntau lub lag luam vim nws cov tshuaj tua kab mob muaj zog thiab nws lub luag haujlwm hauv kev tsim cov tshuaj lom neeg ntau. Ib qho ntawm nws cov ntawv thov tseem ceeb yog hauv kev kho dej, qhov uas nws tshem tawm cov kab mob phem thiab cov kab mob, ua kom cov dej haus muaj kev nyab xeeb rau ntau lab tus tib neeg thoob ntiaj teb. Cov tshuaj chlorine, xws li sodium hypochlorite thiab calcium hypochlorite, feem ntau yog siv hauv cov pas dej da dej thiab cov chaw kho dej khib nyiab.
Kev lag luam tshuaj lom neeg muaj kev vam khom rau cov tshuaj chlorine rau kev tsim cov khoom sib txuas. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), yog ib hom yas uas muaj ntau tshaj plaws, yog tsim los siv cov tshuaj chlorine. PVC yog siv rau hauv ntau yam kev siv, nrog rau cov kav dej, hluav taws xob cables, flooring, thiab cov khoom ntim. Tsis tas li ntawd, chlorine yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov kuab tshuaj, tshuaj tua kab, thiab cov khoom siv tshuaj.
** Tsiv mus los ntawm cov tshuaj chlorine, cia peb tshawb nrhiav lwm cov tshuaj siv dav hauv kev lag luam: caustic soda (sodium hydroxide, NaOH).**
Caustic soda yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv ntau cov txheej txheem kev lag luam. Nws daim ntawv thov tseem ceeb yog nyob rau hauv kev tsim cov xab npum, detergents, ntawv, thiab textiles. NaOH kuj tseem siv dav hauv kev lag luam roj av, qhov uas nws pab hauv cov roj drilling, kho kom zoo, thiab ua haujlwm. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tshuaj no ua lub luag haujlwm hauv kev kho dej, kev tshem tawm cov hlau, thiab kev tsim cov alumina, ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov txhuas.
Cov txheej txheem kev lag luam feem ntau xav tau cov kua qaub thiab cov hauv paus rau ntau lub hom phiaj, thiab ib qho tshuaj uas pom kev siv ntau yog hydrochloric acid (HCl). Hydrochloric acid yog ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv hlau tu, ore ua, thiab zus tau tej cov organic thiab inorganic tebchaw. Nws kuj tseem yog ib feem ntawm cov khoom siv tu tsev, kev tu lub pas dej da dej, thiab kev tswj pH.
Ib qho tshuaj ntxiv uas tsis tuaj yeem saib tsis tau yog hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).
Hydrogen peroxide yog dav siv los ua lub zog oxidizer thiab tshuaj dawb. Nws daim ntawv thov muaj xws li ntawv thiab textile bleaching, plaub hau thiab hniav ntxuav hniav dawb, thiab kev kho dej khib nyiab. H2O2 kuj tseem siv hauv kev lag luam hluav taws xob los ntxuav cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws pom kev siv hauv kev lag luam tshuaj thiab tshuaj pleev ib ce, nrog rau kev ua zaub mov thiab khaws cia.
Lwm cov tshuaj tseem ceeb muaj xws li acetone, methanol, ethylene, propylene, thiab formaldehyde. Acetone tau dav siv los ua cov kuab tshuaj hauv ntau yam lag luam, suav nrog cov xim, cov nplaum, thiab cov yas. Methanol, tseem hu ua ntoo cawv, yog siv los ua roj, hnyav, thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob thiab yog ib qho ua ntej hauv kev tsim cov formaldehyde thiab acetic acid. Ethylene thiab propylene yog ob lub tsev tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam plastics. Formaldehyde pom siv hauv kev tsim cov resins, plastics, textiles, thiab tshuaj tua kab mob.
** Hauv kev xaus, tsis muaj ib qho kev lag luam tshuaj lom neeg feem ntau, raws li ntau lub tebchaw pom kev siv dav hauv ntau qhov chaw.**
Sulfuric acid, ammonia, chlorine, caustic soda, hydrochloric acid, thiab hydrogen peroxide yog ib qho ntawm cov tshuaj muaj ntau tshaj plaws vim lawv cov kev siv ntau yam thiab ntau lawm ntau lawm. Cov tshuaj no ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam txij li kev ua liaj ua teb mus rau kev tsim khoom, ua kom muaj kev tsim khoom thiab kev pabcuam tseem ceeb. Nrog rau kev nce qib thiab kev tsim kho tshiab tsis tu ncua, kev lag luam tshuaj lom neeg thaj chaw yuav hloov zuj zus mus ntxiv, qhia cov khoom sib txuas tshiab thiab kho cov uas twb muaj lawm kom tau raws li qhov xav tau hloov pauv ntawm kev lag luam niaj hnub no.