Taw qhia
Biochemicals yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm lub neej. Lawv yog cov organic tebchaw uas koom nrog cov txheej txheem tshuaj uas tshwm sim hauv cov kab mob nyob. Cov tshuaj no pab tswj cov txheej txheem kev ncaj ncees ntawm cov hlwb, tswj cov txheej txheem metabolic, thiab txhawb nqa lub neej. Biochemicals suav nrog ntau yam sib txuas xws li carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins, thiab enzymes. Hauv tsab xov xwm no, peb yuav tshawb txog lub ntsiab lus ntawm biochemicals kom ntxaws.
Biochemicals yog dab tsi?
Biochemicals yog cov organic tebchaw uas koom nrog hauv cov txheej txheem biochemical uas tshwm sim hauv cov kabmob muaj sia. Cov tshuaj no ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tswj cov metabolism, kev loj hlob, thiab kho cov hlwb. Biochemicals koom nrog hauv kev sib txuas, kev ua kom tsis zoo, thiab kev siv cov as-ham thiab lub zog hauv lub cev.
Hom ntawm Biochemicals **
Muaj ntau ntau hom biochemicals, uas suav nrog:
*Carbohydrates ***
Carbohydrates yog cov organic tebchaw uas tsim los ntawm carbon, hydrogen, thiab oxygen. Lawv yog cov tseem ceeb ntawm lub zog rau lub cev thiab koom nrog hauv kev sib txuas ntawm lwm yam biochemicals xws li cov protein thiab lipids. Carbohydrates tuaj yeem faib ua peb hom, xws li:
- Monosaccharides: Cov no yog cov suab thaj yooj yim, suav nrog ib qho qab zib molecule. Piv txwv xws li qabzib, fructose, thiab galactose.
- Disaccharides: Cov no yog cov suab thaj nyuaj uas muaj ob lub suab thaj molecules. Piv txwv li sucrose, lactose, thiab maltose.
- Polysaccharides: Cov no yog cov saw ntev ntawm cov piam thaj molecules, uas tuaj yeem ua tau ceg lossis tsis muaj ceg. Piv txwv xws li hmoov txhuv nplej siab, glycogen, thiab cellulose.
Lipids *
Lipids yog cov organic tebchaw uas insoluble hauv dej. Lawv yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov cell membranes thiab koom nrog hauv kev thauj cov protein thiab cov as-ham hauv lub cev. Lipids tuaj yeem faib ua plaub yam tseem ceeb, xws li:
- Fatty Acids: Cov no yog cov saw ntev ntawm hydrocarbons nrog ib pawg carboxyl ntawm ib kawg. Lawv koom nrog hauv kev cia lub zog thiab ua cov txheej txheem ntawm cov cell membranes.
- Triacylglycerols: Cov no yog cov esters muab los ntawm peb fatty acids thiab glycerol. Lawv koom nrog hauv lub zog cia hauv cov ntaub so ntswg adipose.
- Phospholipids: Cov no yog tsim los ntawm glycerol molecule, ob fatty acids, thiab ib pawg phosphate. Lawv yog cov tseem ceeb ntawm cov cell membranes.
- Cov roj (cholesterol) - Qhov no yog cov tshuaj steroid molecule uas ua rau cov tshuaj hormones poj niam txiv neej thiab cov kua tsib acids. Nws tseem yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov cell membranes.
Nucleic acids *
Nucleic acids yog cov organic tebchaw uas koom nrog hauv kev khaws cia thiab xa cov ntaub ntawv ntawm caj ces. Lawv yog tsim los ntawm nucleotides, uas muaj suab thaj, ib tug nitrogenous puag, thiab ib pawg phosphate. Muaj ob hom nucleic acids, uas yog:
- Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA): Qhov no yog cov saw ntev ntawm nucleotides uas muaj cov lus qhia caj ces rau kev txhim kho thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm txhua yam kab mob.
- Ribonucleic Acid (RNA): Qhov no yog ib txoj hlua khi ntawm nucleotides uas koom nrog hauv kev sib txuas ntawm cov protein.
Cov protein *
Proteins yog cov organic tebchaw uas koom nrog hauv kev tswj hwm thiab kev saib xyuas ntawm cov qauv ntawm tes thiab kev ua haujlwm. Lawv yog tsim los ntawm cov amino acids, uas yog txuas ua ke los ntawm peptide bonds. Muaj ntau ntau hom proteins, suav nrog:
- Enzymes: Cov no yog cov proteins uas ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam biochemical hauv lub cev.
- Cov qauv proteins: Cov no yog cov proteins uas muab kev txhawb nqa thiab qauv rau cov hlwb thiab cov ntaub so ntswg.
- Cov protein thauj khoom: Cov no yog cov protein uas koom nrog hauv kev thauj cov as-ham thiab lwm yam khoom hauv lub cev.
- Regulatory proteins: Cov no yog cov proteins uas tswj cov noob qhia thiab lwm yam kev ua ntawm tes.
Kev ua haujlwm ntawm Biochemicals
Biochemicals ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev. Qee qhov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm biochemicals suav nrog:
- Kev tsim hluav taws xob: Biochemicals xws li carbohydrates thiab lipids koom nrog hauv kev tsim lub zog xav tau rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev.
- Kev tswj cov txheej txheem metabolic: Biochemicals xws li enzymes ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tswj cov txheej txheem metabolic hauv lub cev.
- Kev tu cov qauv ntawm tes thiab kev ua haujlwm: Biochemicals xws li cov proteins thiab lipids koom nrog kev saib xyuas cov qauv ntawm tes thiab kev ua haujlwm.
- Kev xa cov ntaub ntawv genetic: Biochemicals xws li nucleic acids koom nrog kev sib kis ntawm cov ntaub ntawv caj ces ntawm ib tiam mus rau lwm tus.
- Kev tiv thaiv kab mob: Biochemicals xws li tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob koom nrog hauv kev tiv thaiv lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob.
Xaus
Hauv kev xaus, biochemicals yog cov organic tebchaw uas koom nrog cov txheej txheem biochemical uas tshwm sim hauv cov kab mob muaj sia. Lawv ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tswj cov txheej txheem kev ncaj ncees ntawm cov hlwb, tswj cov txheej txheem metabolic, thiab txhawb lub neej. Muaj ntau hom biochemicals, suav nrog carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, thiab cov proteins. Txhua yam ntawm cov biochemicals no muaj cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb hauv lub cev. Los ntawm kev nkag siab txog lub luag haujlwm uas biochemicals ua si hauv tib neeg lub cev, peb tuaj yeem txaus siab rau qhov nyuaj ntawm cov txheej txheem hauv lub neej thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tswj hwm kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov tebchaw.