Dab tsi yog 5 hom kev phom sij?
Tshuaj lom neeg ua rau muaj kev hem thawj rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv thiab ib puag ncig. Lawv tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv ntau hom, los ntawm cov pa roj thiab cov kua dej mus rau cov khoom khib nyiab, thiab muaj ntau yam kev lag luam, suav nrog kev tsim khoom, kev ua liaj ua teb, thiab kev kho mob. Kev nkag siab txog ntau hom kev phom sij yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tswj hwm kev nyab xeeb thiab txo kev pheej hmoo. Hauv tsab xov xwm no, peb yuav tshawb txog tsib yam tseem ceeb ntawm kev phom sij tshuaj lom neeg: cov tshuaj lom neeg, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, cov tshuaj corrosive, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab cov carcinogens.
Cov tshuaj toxicity:
Cov tshuaj lom yog cov tshuaj uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij lossis tuag taus thaum lawv nkag mus rau cov kab mob muaj sia. Lawv tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv lub cev los ntawm kev nqus, nqus, lossis nqus ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Piv txwv ntawm cov tshuaj lom muaj xws li tshuaj tua kab, cov hlau hnyav, thiab cov kuab tshuaj. Cov tshuaj no tuaj yeem ua rau mob hnyav lossis mob ntev, nyob ntawm lub sijhawm thiab theem ntawm qhov raug. Cov teebmeem hnyav tuaj yeem suav nrog xeev siab, kiv taub hau, ua pa nyuaj, thiab txawm tias tuag tam sim ntawd thaum mob hnyav. Cov teebmeem ntev, ntawm qhov tod tes, tuaj yeem tshwm sim nyob rau lub sijhawm ntev thiab suav nrog kev puas tsuaj ntawm lub cev, mob qog noj ntshav, thiab kev loj hlob txawv txav.
Cov tshuaj lom yuav tsum tau tuav nruj thiab khaws cov txheej txheem los tiv thaiv kev raug mob. Cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv tus kheej (PPE), xws li hnab looj tes, tsom iav, thiab lub tshuab ua pa, yuav tsum hnav thaum tuav cov tshuaj no. Lub tshuab ua pa kom zoo yuav tsum nyob rau hauv qhov chaw kom txo qis qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev nqus pa.
Cov ntaub ntawv flammable:
Cov ntaub ntawv flammable yog cov khoom uas tuaj yeem ignite thiab hlawv tau yooj yim. Lawv muaj qhov tsis tshua muaj flashpoint, uas yog qhov tsawg kawg nkaus qhov kub thiab txias uas lawv tuaj yeem vaporize los ua ib qho sib xyaw ua ke hauv huab cua. Cov piv txwv ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob muaj xws li roj av, cawv, cov kuab tshuaj, thiab qee yam roj. Thaum raug rau qhov hluav taws kub, xws li lub txim taws lossis cov nplaim taws qhib, cov khoom no tuaj yeem ua rau hluav taws kub lossis tawg.
Kev tiv thaiv kev sib tsoo nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob yuav tsum tau khaws cia, tuav, thiab pov tseg kom raug. Cov kua nplaum nplaum yuav tsum muab khaws cia rau hauv cov thawv uas pom zoo nyob rau hauv qhov chaw uas muaj cua zoo kom deb ntawm qhov chaw kub. Kev haus luam yeeb yuav tsum tau txwv nruj me ntsis hauv cov cheeb tsam no. Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab cov xaim hluav taws xob yuav tsum tau tswj kom zoo kom tsis txhob muaj hluav taws xob. Cov hluav taws tua hluav taws thiab cov hluav taws tua hluav taws yuav tsum tau yooj yim nyob rau hauv rooj plaub thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev.
Corrosive agents:
Cov tshuaj corrosive yog cov tshuaj uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj rau cov ntaub so ntswg thaum sib cuag. Lawv muaj peev xwm ua kom yaj lossis noj cov khoom pov tseg, suav nrog hlau, ntaub, thiab tib neeg lub cev. Piv txwv ntawm cov tshuaj corrosive muaj xws li cov kua qaub uas muaj zog, xws li sulfuric acid, thiab cov hauv paus muaj zog, xws li sodium hydroxide.
Kev tuav cov kab mob corrosive yuav tsum tau ceev faj heev los tiv thaiv kev kub nyhiab thiab lwm yam kev raug mob. Cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv tus kheej, nrog rau cov hnab looj tes, tsom iav, thiab cov tsho loj los yog lub tsho tiv no, yuav tsum tau hnav thaum ua haujlwm nrog cov tshuaj no. Lawv yuav tsum tau muab khaws cia rau hauv cov khoom tshwj xeeb kom deb ntawm cov khoom siv tsis sib xws kom tsis txhob sib xyaw ua ke. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm kev sib cuag nrog daim tawv nqaij los yog qhov muag, yuav tsum tau yaug nrog dej tam sim ntawd, thiab nrhiav kev kho mob sai li sai tau.
Reactive compounds:
Reactive compounds yog cov tshuaj uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj tshuaj lom neeg sai, feem ntau nrog kev tso tawm ntawm lub zog. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no tuaj yeem ua rau tawg, hluav taws kub, lossis tsim cov pa phem. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv muaj xws li oxidizers, xws li hydrogen peroxide, uas tuaj yeem ua kom tawg ntawm lwm cov ntaub ntawv, thiab cov tshuaj tsis ruaj khov, xws li peroxides thiab azides, uas tuaj yeem decompose spontaneously.
Kev tswj cov tshuaj reactive yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo tuav thiab khaws cov txheej txheem. Lawv yuav tsum tau muab cais los ntawm lwm cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv qhov chaw zoo. Kev sib xyaw cov tshuaj reactive nrog cov tshuaj tsis sib xws yuav tsum tau zam nruj me ntsis. Kev cob qhia kom raug thiab kev qhia meej meej ntawm cov ntim khoom yog qhov tseem ceeb los tiv thaiv kev tsis sib haum xeeb.
Carcinogens:
Carcinogens yog cov tshuaj uas tuaj yeem ua rau mob qog noj ntshav hauv tib neeg lossis tsiaj. Lawv tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv ntau hom, nrog rau cov pa roj, kua, thiab cov khoom khib nyiab. Piv txwv ntawm cov carcinogens muaj xws li asbestos, benzene, formaldehyde, thiab qee yam tshuaj tua kab. Kev raug mob carcinogens tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm kev nqus pa, noj, lossis nqus ntawm daim tawv nqaij.
Kev tiv thaiv kev kis tus kab mob carcinogens yog qhov tseem ceeb los txo qis kev pheej hmoo ntawm mob qog noj ntshav. Qhov no yuav suav nrog kev siv cov kev tswj xyuas engineering, xws li cov tshuab ua pa, kom txo tau cov pa tawm. Cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv tus kheej, xws li lub tshuab ua pa thiab hnab looj tes, yuav tsum siv thaum tuav cov khoom carcinogenic. Kev saib xyuas tsis tu ncua thiab kev sim ntawm thaj chaw muaj feem kis kab mob, nrog rau kev cob qhia kom raug thiab kev paub txog kev paub, kuj tseem ceeb hauv kev txo qis kev pheej hmoo kis.
Xaus:
Cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj kev phom sij suav nrog ntau yam khoom uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij loj rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv thiab ib puag ncig. Kev nkag siab txog tsib hom kev phom sij ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg - tshuaj lom neeg, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, cov khoom siv corrosive, reactive compounds, thiab carcinogens - yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tswj hwm kev pheej hmoo. Los ntawm kev siv cov txheej txheem khaws cia, tuav, thiab pov tseg kom raug, nrog rau kev tiv thaiv tsim nyog, cov kev phom sij ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg tuaj yeem raug txo kom tsawg, ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb dua rau txhua tus.